If there's any overarching principle that guides my approach to media analysis, it's in studying the choices, actions, and materials used to solve the problems of fulfilling a need or realizing an intention.
People seek out media for the content or information carried within it that can help them get their needs met. Whether you're needing to plan your leisure time (checking movie schedules), stay abreast of events (news), or relieve sexual frustration (porn), any material sought (i.e. content) -- in and of itself -- is only part of the mechanism of exchange, some of the currency by which these needs get met. What this currency buys you is the fulfillment of that need.
Note that information/content is, in a strict sense, independent from the form that carries it (media), though the two share an increasingly symbiotic, evolving complex relationship. For example, to look at movie times, I have a variety of distinct options: I can check online, look at the newspaper, call the theater on the telephone or download an iPhone app.
Those options make up the "choices and actions" portion of the above definition, and it's the other aspect of the currency's value: how those needs get met, not just what content is delivered to fulfill it. Content is just a part of what people seek to ultimately meet a given need; media or platform is solving the problem of how they want to meet it.
Your press release or blog post or web site-- no matter how effective and targeted it may be -- isn't the end game; fulfilling your audience's need is, solving their problem is.
I approach the entire process through an active, behavioral lens, with that user's need always in target:
- 1)What are your users really wanting to do,
- 2) How are they wanting or trying to do it?
- 3) How far does my content (and the platform that it is on) go toward meeting their needs? Think about usability issues here as well: is it easy to find, understand, reshare on social media, rewrite (for a press release), learn more about?
It also helps identify any weak links or loose threads: sometimes you'll find either the message won't adequately address the need, or perhaps it will but the platform doesn't. Or, as in the underutilized Facebook and Twitter examples from the last post, you may also have tools at your disposal that are well proven to help meet needs (2, above), but no specific needs have been identified (1)nor content or good practices employed (3).
This model is run through from the perspective of your targeted audience to see if your planned output meets all the listed criteria. Then run it again, this time putting back on your Muslim-media-producer shoes by replacing the 'what are they' phrases in the above questions with 'what am I': what am I truly trying to do with this press release, is the release itself adequate, would a tweet be better for what I'm trying to convey? Rewrite, adjust, run the models again. Achieve the best balance between the perspectives that you can.
The Need Of Non-Muslims
In context of the original question posed in this series -- Reclaiming The Perceptions Of Muslims -- there are a number of broad needs trying to be met that have been addressed in this series: that of Muslims trying to clarify and broaden their identity as perceived by non-Muslims; that of mainstream media news outlets to have easy access to clear information on Muslim issues; and for Muslim organizations to provide as such.
The good news is they're not mutually exclusive; they're just mismatched, not particularly well-aligned.
One dimension not specifically explored is the challenge for the non-Muslim, on an individual level, to better understand Muslims. It lies as the central challenge within this series' title and has been addressed throughout these posts, from grassroots and civic engagement steps, to newsrooms (in terms of their general audience).
Mostly, that challenge has been examined up to now as the 'problem to be solved' in meeting the need of reclaiming Muslim perception, but it's also a real, tangible need, in and of itself, from the view of non-Muslims. Viewing all the strategies and techniques discussed so far though a non-Muslim lens puts the final polish on any civic or media engagement we undertake.
Listening
We've previously looked at the ummah's tendency toward isolationism, manifested mainly in the lack of grassroots civic involvement, a self-referential Islamosphere, and a less-than-stellar level of engagement with non-Muslims through media, ranging from oppositional stances to ineffective messages.
However, the fact is that non-Muslims are turning to Islamic sources on the Net for answers and information, and we're not meeting that need effectively.
Earlier I pointed out the reticence adopted by Dr. Assaf in his blog post following Ft. Hood. When his post was also placed on NJ Voices
, here's some of the response he garnered:
jerseyopine wrote:
After every violent Muslim aggression/association we hear 2 things- 1) Islam is a peaceful religion, & 2) Muslims fear a "backlash" after whatever recent Muslim activist violence has occurred.Posted by BanditGuy:
And I wonder why isn't the peaceful Muslim community sending out a strong message to the public throughout the year- an ongoing public condemnation against such acts of violence? An ongoing reinforcement of Islamic values that repudiates terrorist murders in the name of the Muslim faith?
It seems the 'aftermath' Muslim leader public comments are only some half hearted rebuttals in reaction to potential fear of some discrimination. The concern seems more about negative public feelings that may cause inconvenience to Muslims. Where is heartfelt remorse, indignation, & condemnation? Reminding yourself and reporters of anti-violent Quranic verse is not sending too much of a statement here.
don't know much about the Muslim religion, nor do many Americans, and that is a failing of organizations like yours. But I think I understand that Islam is not hierarchical. So, perhaps it's not easy to present a "united front." Nobody is in overall charge. That does not mean, however, that organizations such as yours could not coordinate your efforts in getting your message out. If you fail to do so, you will continue to be looked on with suspicion by many. You, as an American, should understand the power of public relations. As Christians like to quote, "The Lord helps him who helps himself."Later the same commenter writes:
If Muslims/Arabs/Farsi and the rest want greater understanding of their culture and religion, it's going to be up to them to see that that happens. Perhaps a national organization that could explain the mysteries of Islam could be created. It could start by condemning with a single voice fanatical Muslim atrocities (I know that this will be difficult culturally but necessary). It could also proclaim for all to hear it's belief in Israel's right to exist. When this happens, I will begin to suspect that Middle-Eastern Americans are truly Americans first and Muslims/Arabs/Farsi etc. second.When Muslimmatters.org covered the Swiss minaret affair, here are some responses:
iMuslim: "I'm not saying we shouldn't assert ourselves, but if the neighbours of the original mosque project were offended by something as benign as a minaret, that should signal alarm bells to the Muslim community, and lead to the decision: "let's talk to our neighbours, and address their fears". Not: "let's fight this in the courts, and risk the problem going national"."Note how all the steps discussed to date in this series will help in meeting these concerns.
Muslim Apple: "I take this situation as a wakeup call for myself within my own community and spheres of influence that if my neighbors, friends, coworkers, classmates, and others are afraid of me or afraid of Islam that I have not lived the life of a Muslim to convey the message. Even though we will never be able to please everyone but if half on those concerned enough to vote feel comfortable passing measures like this or other ones, we haven't done our job effectively."
Jeff: "I am ashamed to say I may even have felt the same way if something hadn't happened to me two years ago. I met an actual Muslim. Since then I have made many Muslim friends. I may not agree with all aspects of Islam, but all the Muslims I have met are kind, decent, hardworking people."
Muslims involved in media output need to be combing through the Islamosphere and other interfaith blogs that allow comments, read through them, and get a sense of the questions being asked by non Muslims (for more on commenting,and whether you should take it on, see postscript below).
It's then the responsibility for any Muslim to shape and focus their response with those concerns in mind.
Again, the needs of Muslims and non-Muslims in this context are actually very close: the need to be better understood, and the need to better understand.
Such closely shared objectives give me a great sense of optimism that a better perception of Muslims can be created, if Muslims are willing to step out of their shell and be a part of the larger ummah at all levels, if we're willing to step up to the plate and do our end of the work.
Hopefully, some of the ideas passed on in this series can help make that work easier to achieve.
Postscript: Dealing With Comments
Allowing comments on your blog is a big step, and while I think most Islamic blogs should, I certainly respect the choice not to. Long and short: If you're not willing to commit the considerable time and effort to actively monitor and focus the discussions, then don't do it at all. It is far better to not go there, in my view, than to do it poorly or leave those discussions unattended.
That said, here are some pointers if you do decide to go there.
There are a number of sites and resources for commenting best practices, but in a nutshell, a) clearly posted rules of engagement, b) strict and consistent enforcement of those policies, c) and active monitoring and engaging with the commenters yourself are sound strategies to adopt for starters.
Non-Muslim commenters on the Islamosphere tend to fall into two categories: those with a genuine interest in seeking information, and those who just want to inflame. The latter you do not want any protracted engagement with, but you do need to address such commenters, and identify and draw them out as early as possible.
If you get flamed:
- 1: Take a step back. Do a quick zikr. Don't get caught in the emotional moment of the attack; wait five minutes before hitting the 'send' button on your reply. Your calmness of response will disarm their fear and anger, usually the underlying source of such attacks.
- 2: Avoid the trap of trying to be the official sound for all Muslims. Bookmark in advance some sources you trust that you can point people to, as either reinforcement or if you feel that those sources articulate some issue better than you can. Don't try to be the official Muslim representative, just be a true representative of yourself, and share that personal truth.
- 3. Humanize. Speak personally; tell your own story or experience if it can apply; describe in personal terms your own take on the issue.
- 4: Avoid the "verse wars." There are way too many threads on the Islamosphere where Qur'an and Bible verses are lobbed at each other all day. If you do get hit with such posts, then combine the techniques above: just describe simply your own personal take on it, point to other sources that share your grounding, and acknowledge that there may be differing views in the Islamosphere. Leave it at that.
- 5: This comes from (and full credit goes to) Haroon Moghul, who covered this point at the recent ICNYU conference: avoid loaded terms like jihad, terrorist, etc. Moghul rightly assesses that such words are by now so loaded with weight and meaning and subtext, any message you offer that incorporates such terms is immediately and already lost.
- 6: Develop a sense of discernment to the true motivation behind provocative comments, i.e., try to "read between the lines." Semiotics and psychology are good fields to help in this, as is the analysis model at the top of this post -- read their comment and your draft of a reply through that checklist.
If their intent is not clear, then draw them out, claiming the higher, calmer ground in your response. Respond, in your own language (I wrote the sample so stilted to force you to use your own vocabulary, haha) as in the following sample:
If you truly want an answer to your concerns, then I'm happy to answer as best I can, with the understanding that I don't represent the full range of thought and ideas across 1.5 billion Muslims, just as you may not wish to speak for every Christian, be they Catholic, Evangelical, Protestant or Baptist. What I can't answer, I'll try to point you to sources that I feel are sound and reasonable.
This takes you off of the defensive and puts the onus on the commenter to clarify their position and intent.
If on the other hand, you are here to instigate or flame, I won't play. You and I both know that kind of exchange won't lead to any greater understanding or appreciation of each other's perspective, and I'd rather find out what's *really* concerning you about Muslims.
So how can I help? Now that you've said how you feel, can you explain what you're really worried about?
Some commenters may have genuine concerns or issues that are hidden underneath a layer of fear that presents itself as aggressive language. This kind of proposed answer gives them a chance to work through and better frame their issues.
True Islamophobes or trolls will either stop, or keep attacking -- but if they do, they've exposed themselves by not fashioning their response under the terms you've requested. You can ban them from that point.